青海湖南部近57年大风日数的变化特征

为了更好地剖析青海湖南部大风日数的演变特征，笔者利用青海湖南部共和县气象局1961—2017 年的大风日数观测资料，采用线性倾向估计、M-K突变分析、滑动平均等方法，对大风日数的年代际、年际和季节变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：（1）自1961 年以来该地大风日数随年份的延长呈显著减少趋势，每10 年减少2.0 天；（2）共和地区春、夏、秋、冬四季大风日数均呈现出减少趋势，大风日数的减少幅度大小依次是：春季＞夏季＞秋季＞冬季，其中春季和夏季大风日数的减少趋势显著；（3）突变分析表明，春、夏、秋、冬四季大风日数未发生突变，年大风日数在1975 年发生了由多到少的突变。对于防灾减灾，合理利用气候资源，改善生态环境很有价值。     

Application of molybdenum fertilizer enhanced quality and production of alfalfa in northern China under non-irrigated conditions

Molybdenum (Mo) is an essential micro-mineral nutrient for plant growth and development. As an important legume forage, alfalfa (Medicago sativa) is frequently planted in marginal lands of northern China where water scarcity and infertile soil are limiting factors for alfalfa production. Mo plays an important role in nitrogen (N) metabolism in general and N fixation in legume species in particular. To evaluate the role of Mo fertilizer in alfalfa quality and production in semi-arid areas of northern China, we conducted a three-year field experiment in Inner Mongolia from 2012 to 2014. Mo fertilizer at the doses of 0, 150 g hm^?2, 300 g hm^?2yr^?1 was applied consecutively across the three years. Application of Mo at 300 g hm^?2yr^?1 significantly increased dry yield of alfalfa in 2014. Crude protein (CP) content of alfalfa without application of Mo exhibited a decline trend from 2012 to 2014. Application of Mo significantly enhanced total CP in 2012 and 2014, and delayed the reduction in total CP across the three years. In contrast to CP, Mo fertilizer had no significant effects on neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber content. In addition, we found that nitrate reductase activity of alfalfa was increased by Mo fertilizer, which may account for the enhanced CP content in alfalfa. These findings highlight that application of Mo fertilizer can be an effective way to improve alfalfa production and quality in semi-arid areas in northern China.     

Low soil temperature reducing the yield of drip irrigated rice in arid area by influencing anther development and pollination

Drip irrigation can produce high rice yields with significant water savings; therefore, it is widely used in arid area water-scarce northern China. However, high-frequency irrigation of drip irrigation with low temperature well water leads to low root zone temperature and significantly reduce the rice yield compared to normal temperature water irrigated rice, for example, reservoir water. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of low soil temperature on the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice in the spike differentiation stage. The experiment set the soil temperatures at 18°C, 24°C and 30°C under two irrigation methods(flood and drip irrigation), respectively. The results showed that, at the 30°C soil temperature, drip irrigation increased total root length by 53% but reduced root water conductivity by 9% compared with flood irrigation. Drip irrigation also increased leaf abscisic acid and proline concentrations by 13% and 5%, respectively. These results indicated that drip irrigated rice was under mild water stress. In the 18°C soil temperature, drip irrigation reduced hydraulic conductivity by 58%, leaf water potential by 40% and leaf net photosynthesis by 25% compared with flood irrigation. The starch concentration in male gametes was also 30% less in the drip irrigation treatment than in the flood irrigation treatment at soil temperature 18°C. Therefore, the main reason for the yield reduction of drip irrigated rice was that the low temperature aggravates the physiological drought of rice and leads to the decrease of starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate. Low temperature aggravates physiological water deficit in drip irrigated rice and leads to lower starch content in male gametes and low pollination fertilization rate, which is the main reason for the reduced yield of drip irrigated rice. Overall, the results indicated that the low soil temperatures aggravated the water stress that rice was under in the drip irrigated environment, causing declines both in the starch content of male gametes and in pollination rate. Low temperature will ultimately affect the rice yield under drip irrigation.     

干热河谷冲沟侵蚀劣地坡积区土体性质与裂缝形态发育特征

采用实地调查和室内分析等方法,并结合数字图像处理技术,研究了干热河谷冲沟侵蚀劣地坡脚堆积区(PJ)、坡底沉积区(PD)和平地漫流区(PM)土体性质和裂缝形态发育特征,并探讨了土体性质对裂缝形态特征的影响。结果表明,(1)侵蚀劣地坡积区不同部位土体性质差异显著,其中土壤体积质量及黏粒质量分数均表现为PDPJPM,毛管孔隙度为PMPDPJ,有机质为PMPJPD;不同部位土体性质极值比:黏粒质量分数最大(1.94),有机质(0.65)次之,再次是毛管孔隙度(0.27),土壤体积质量(0.09)最小;PJ、PD土体性质变化主要受物源特性和沉积方式的影响,而PM土体性质主要与植被分布以及漫流有关。(2)干热河谷侵蚀劣地不同部位土体裂缝形态特征差异也十分显著,其中裂缝长度密度(Lc)及连通性指数(K)均表现为PDPJ≤PM,面积率(Rc)、面积周长比(APc)及加权平均分形维数(AWMFRAC)则整体上表现为PD≥PJPM(Ⅲ号坡积区的Rc除外);表明裂缝发育强度(Rc)及复杂程度(APc、AWMFRAC)PD最高,其次为PJ,再次是PM。(3)相关分析表明,长度密度与土壤体积质量(p=-0.782)、黏粒质量分数(p=-0.626)均呈显著负相关,连通性指数与黏粒质量分数呈显著负相关(p=-0.618),这表明土壤体积质量及黏粒质量分数对裂缝发育产生了重要影响。     

引黄灌区不同肥料类型和施肥技术对稻田氮磷流失的影响

为减少引黄灌区稻田退水导致的农业面源污染,寻找水稻稳产和环境友好的最佳结合点,研究了大田示范条件下不同肥料类型和施肥技术对稻田田面水和排水沟退水氮磷变化特征的影响。结果表明,与常规施肥处理比较,优化施肥和侧条施肥均可以显著降低稻田田面水和排水沟中TN质量浓度,其中以侧条施肥处理效果最好,田面水和排水沟中TN质量浓度仅为常规施肥的47.4%和34.3%,各施肥处理间田面水和排水沟中TP质量浓度变化差异不显著。优化施肥和侧条施肥处理在肥料减量的条件下水稻产量并没有降低,其中有机种植处理产量最低,相对产量仅为常规处理的73.5%。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,优化施肥和侧条施肥技术可以作为环境友好型施肥技术在引黄灌区进行推广。     

干旱区矿区不同立地类型土壤种子库特征

矿区的自然或人工植被恢复是维持生物多样性及生态系统稳定的重要途径。通过室外萌发法对金昌镍铜矿区7种不同立地生境土壤种子库的研究表明:该区域土壤中物种丰富度较高,包括16科47属,共56种植物,分别为:藜科(Chenopodiaceae)、禾本科(Gramineae)、菊科(Compositae)、柽柳科(Tamaricaceae)、苋科(Amaranthaceae)、马齿苋科(Portulacaceae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、十字花科(Cruciferae)、车前科(Plantaginaceae)、胡颓子科(Elaeagnaceae)、蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceae)、莎草科(Cyperaceae)、大戟科(Euphorbiaceae)、紫草科(Boraginaceae)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae)、茄科(Solanaceae);植物组成以一年生草本植物占绝对优势(89.3%),多年生草本植物次之(7.54%),灌木种最少(2.59%)。土壤种子平均储量412粒·m~(-2),不同立地类型土壤种子库储量差异显著,与其他荒漠地区比较,土壤种子库储量偏低;土壤种子库物种Simpson多样性指数为:新尾矿周边自然植被区龙首矿自然植被区龙首矿开采废弃地供暖公司柽柳林地。     

丘陵山区农用自适应调平底盘设计与试验

丘陵山区地形复杂,地面凹凸不平,针对农用车辆行驶稳定性较差、车体倾斜等问题,提出一种自适应调平方法,并根据丘陵山区农用动力底盘作业要求,设计一种自适应调平悬架及应用该悬架的自适应调平底盘。建立虚拟样机三维模型,并导入动力学分析软件ADAMS中进行仿真分析,将底盘仿真过程中的侧倾角和俯仰角与四轮刚性底盘在同等条件下仿真得到的侧倾角和俯仰角对比,自适应调平底盘参考某种作业环境在幅值和波长特定的波形地面上行走作业时,侧倾角和俯仰角之和可降低60%左右。通过对样机土槽试验结果分析,证明自适应调平方法的可行性和仿真分析的正确性。     

苹果种植区的土壤养分含量情况研究—以白水县为例

为了稳定和提高苹果产量，通过对2013 年渭南白水县500 个点农业土壤区进行分析，并对土壤pH、全氮、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷、有效铁和有效锰、锌、铜进行有效的对比研究。利用Microsoft Excel 2010 软件进行数据整理统计。结果发现：白水县苹果生长的土壤酸碱度为中性偏碱，并且土壤中的全氮和有机质的含量丰富，速效钾较丰富；有效锌、有效磷含量适中；有效铜含量高，有效铁、碱解氮、有效锰含量低。     

Spatial-temporal Patterns of Land-use Change in Typical Transect Area Along China National Highway 106 During 1996-2008

Based on land-use database updated with the survey of 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008, this paper analyzed the land-use changes in the typical transect area along National Highway 106 with the aid of GIS technology and quantitative models. The results showed that arable land had been continuously decreased from 1996 to 2008, with a loss of 65.85× 10^3 hm2 and an average decrement of 5.49×10^3 hm^2 per year, and the loss in northern areas was larger; garden land and woodland were gradually centralized to the predominance area with an increment of 25.73×10^3 hm2 and 22.37×10^3 hm2, respectively; residential and industrial land increased year after year, and the transportation land showed the equalized developing spatial pattern; the increment of construction land and encroachment on arable land in the area were deeply influenced by the national macroscopic land-use policies, the rapid advance of urbanization and the development level of the regional economy. Through this case study, it is suggested that differential land- use policies should be adopted to create good environmental conditions to guarantee food security and to promote the economic development.     

北京山区水源林结构与功能关系研究

为了准确把握北京山区水源林林分特征,掌握其结构与功能的关系,以北京山区的水源林16种森林类型作为研究对象,分析了林分的结构特征;采用因子分析方法对林分结构与水源涵养功能关系进行多因子分析研究,结果表明:在林分层次上,影响水源涵养功能的林分结构因子主要是林分树种组成、年龄、郁闭度、起源、层次、生物量以及土壤结构7个因子。研究结果可为北京山区水源林经营提供科学依据。